Reuters maps Ukraine's 30-km-wide "kill zone", a lethal strip along the 1,200-km front line where drones dominate the skies and any visible movement is likely to be spotted and struck.
Both armies have abandoned classic massed formations.
Soldiers now hide in tiny two-to-three-man foxholes for months at a time, moving on foot or motorbike in small groups, while FPV and fiber-optic drones hunt vehicles, infantry, and each other.
Casualties are enormous.
CSIS estimates roughly 2 million soldiers on both sides have been killed, wounded, or gone missing since early 2022, about 1.4 million of them Russian.
The vast majority of losses are now being caused by drones rather than artillery or small-arms fire.
Traditional tanks and long trenches are largely obsolete this close to the contact line, and drone pilots themselves are now top-priority targets on both sides.